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Arthurian

Pertolepe

Name in Non-English, or Alternative Name/s

The Green Knight, Sir Pertolepe, Sir Partolope

Also known as, and/or Titles and Roles

The Green Knight, The Knight with the Green Arms, Sir Pertolepe, Chamberlain at Gareth’s Wedding, Knight of the Round Table

The green-armoured knight Sir Pertolepe from Arthurian legend, also known as the Green Knight.

Mythopouch artistic interpretation

The Green Knight token mark with a symbol of all-green armour and a shield on an Arthurian-style coin.

Details

British

Regional Information Additional (if applicable)

Arthurian

Region

Category

Person

Historicity (actuality or factual truth of persons, events, and claims)

Legendary

Gender

Male

Time Period

5th-6th centuries CE (mythic period); literary tradition c. 1469-1485 CE

Symbol

Shield & sword

Tags

arthurian, green-knight, pertolepe, hero, gareth, beaumains, lynette, castle-dangerous, round-table, redemption

Introduction - Overview

The Green Knight, Sir Pertolepe, is the second of four brothers encountered by Sir Gareth while Gareth travels under the name Beaumains. Pertolepe sees Gareth wearing the black armour of his brother Sir Percard and initially believes that Percard is approaching. When he learns that Gareth has killed the Black Knight, he challenges him in defence of his brother’s honour.

Pertolepe and everything associated with his encounter are coloured green. He rides a green horse, wears green armour and carries a green shield and spear. After a fierce mounted and foot battle, Gareth overcomes him but spares his life at Dame Lynette’s request.

In return, Pertolepe forgives Percard’s death, yields himself to Gareth and promises the service of thirty knights. He shelters Gareth and Lynette at his manor, protects Gareth from treachery during the night and escorts them safely through the forest. He later submits to King Arthur, becomes a Knight of the Round Table and serves as chamberlain at Gareth’s wedding to Dame Lionesse.

Gallery

Main Article - Who or What was...

Pertolepe

Sir Pertolepe is the Green Knight encountered immediately after Sir Gareth defeats and kills Sir Percard, the Black Knight. He is one of four brothers associated with the series of perilous encounters that Gareth faces while travelling with Dame Lynette towards Castle Dangerous.


Gareth is still publicly known as Beaumains and is wearing Percard’s black armour and riding Percard’s horse. When Pertolepe sees the approaching black-armoured rider, he asks Lynette whether she has brought his brother back with her. Lynette tells him that the rider is not Percard but the kitchen knave who has killed him.


Pertolepe mourns Percard as a noble knight and angrily challenges Gareth. Gareth responds that Percard was killed honourably in combat rather than through treachery or shame. Pertolepe then rides to a green horn hanging from a thorn and blows three notes. Two damsels appear and arm him, after which he mounts a great horse and takes up a green shield and spear.


The two knights charge one another with such force that both spears break. They draw their swords and exchange heavy blows, wounding one another severely. During the mounted fighting, Gareth’s horse strikes Pertolepe’s horse in the side and knocks it to the ground. Pertolepe quickly rises, and Gareth dismounts so that they can continue the battle on equal terms.


They fight on foot for a long time. Pertolepe delivers a powerful blow that splits Gareth’s shield, but Gareth answers by striking him on the helmet and forcing him to his knees. Gareth then pulls the Green Knight to the ground and prepares to kill him.


Pertolepe asks for mercy and offers to forgive Gareth for Percard’s death. He also promises to become Gareth’s man and to place thirty knights under his command. Gareth refuses to spare him unless Lynette herself asks for his life. Although she has continued insulting Gareth throughout the journey, Lynette finally orders him not to kill the Green Knight.


Gareth accepts her request and releases Pertolepe. The Green Knight kneels and performs homage with his sword. His response to defeat distinguishes him from Percard: he accepts Gareth’s victory, abandons his demand for vengeance and immediately begins assisting the man who overcame him.


Pertolepe invites Gareth and Lynette to stay at his nearby manor. At supper he objects to Lynette’s continuing abuse of Beaumains, declaring that Gareth has proved himself a nobler and stronger knight than Pertolepe and predicting that he will eventually be revealed as a man of royal blood.


During the night, Pertolepe secretly orders thirty knights to guard Gareth against treachery. The following morning he escorts Gareth and Lynette through the forest and promises that he and his knights will answer whenever Gareth summons them. Gareth instructs him that, when called, they must present themselves to King Arthur.


Pertolepe later fulfils that promise and appears before Arthur with a company of knights. At the wedding of Gareth and Dame Lionesse, he arrives with thirty knights, performs homage to Gareth and requests the office of chamberlain for the feast. King Arthur subsequently makes Sir Persant of Inde and his two surviving brothers, Pertolepe and Perimones, Knights of the Round Table and grants them lands.


Much later in Malory’s narrative, Pertolepe and Perimones are listed among the knights killed during Sir Lancelot’s violent rescue of Queen Guinevere. Pertolepe’s full story therefore moves from family vengeance, through defeat and reconciliation, to recognised service within Arthur’s fellowship and eventual death during the collapse of the Round Table.

Summary

Sir Pertolepe is the Green Knight and the second of the four brothers encountered by Sir Gareth. He challenges Gareth after learning that Gareth has killed his brother Percard, but he is defeated and spared at Dame Lynette’s request.

Pertolepe forgives Percard’s death, pledges himself and thirty knights to Gareth, protects Gareth during the night and guides him through the forest. He later submits to King Arthur, becomes a Knight of the Round Table and serves as chamberlain at Gareth’s wedding. His story transforms him from an avenging brother into one of Gareth’s loyal allies.

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References

Validation References:

- Thomas Malory, Le Morte d’Arthur, Book VII, Chapters VIII–IX, c. 1469–1470 (printed 1485) — primary source; Sir Pertolepe the Green Knight, his battle with Beaumains, his surrender and his pledge of thirty knights.
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, c. 1370-1400 (anonymous, West Midlands dialect) - primary source; the supernatural Green Knight motif (distinct from Pertolepe but part of the same archetype)
- Vulgate Lancelot, 1215-1230 - the colour-coded knight motif and the tradition of knightly guardians on the road
- Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, 1230-1240 - the Fair Unknown tradition and the testing of the disguised knight
- Loomis, Roger Sherman, The Development of Arthurian Romance (Hutchinson, 1963) - scholarly analysis of the colour-coded knight motif in Arthurian romance
- Loomis, Roger Sherman, Arthurian Tradition and Chretien de Troyes (Columbia University Press, 1949) - scholarly examination of the guardian knight archetype
- Benson, Larry D., Malory's Morte Darthur (Harvard University Press, 1976) - scholarly analysis of Book 7 and the character of the Green Knight
- R.S. Loomis, "Malory's Beaumains" in PMLA, Vol. 54, No. 3 (1939) - scholarly examination of the adversaries in the Fair Unknown tale
- The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, ed. Norris J. Lacy et al. (Routledge, 2013) - entry on the Green Knight and the colour-coded knights in Malory
- Brewer, Elisabeth, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Sources and Analogues (Boydell Press, 1992) - analysis of the Green Knight archetype across Arthurian traditions

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